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Rock Hill High School Rock Hill, SC Mr. Blankenship Updated Sunday, May 05, 2013 |
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Rock Hill High School Rock Hill, SC Mr. Blankenship Updated Sunday, May 05, 2013 |
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Genetics Review
Sheet (from class, 4/23/13)
Genetics Problems (from class, 4/23/13)
Other
Practice
problems KEY
Genetics Jeopardy Game (study aid)
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We'll approach this large unit this way... |
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VOCABULARY:
1.
Double helix
2.
semi-
VOCABULARY:
transcription
VOCABULARY:
4. Chromosome
Flipped Classroom:
VOCABULARY:
Flipped Classroom:
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Textbook
reading (Modern
Biology):
DNA History 193-195 DNA Structure 196-199 |
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Links: ~DNA: The history of its discovery ~DNA Structure: animated (John Kyrk) ~DNA Models (yes, they're movable) ~DNA Packaging animation ~DNA History, Structure, Packaging Class ppt. |
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Textbook reading
(Modern
Biology): DNA Replication 200-202 |
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| Links: DNA Replication johnkyrk DNA Replication McGrawHill DNA Replication bioteach DNA Replication stolaf DNA Replication semiconservatism DNA Replication HHMI (This is the best: how it really goes down) |
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How does a blueprint of a house become a house? How does this "code" in a nucleus become flesh and blood??? Here's how... Proteins run everything. This is when RNA plays its role
with DNA to help produce proteins, called
protein synthesis,
which include the processes of
Transcription and
Translation. |
Textbook reading
(Modern
Biology): |
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See the difference in the DNA and RNA sugar :  View images of different kinds of proteins below... |
Links: Protein Synthesis: Part 1: Transcription Protein Synthesis: Part 2: Translation Protein Synthesis: Transcription and Translation (HHMI) Choose DNA transcription (basic detail) and Translation (advanced detail) Protein Synthesis Transcription/Translation Movie Movie 2 Transcription/Translation Narrated Protein Synthesis Study Guide Human Genome Project RNA / Protein Synthesis Power Point Protein Data Bank (PDB.org)
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Click
on these images of Meiosis to see enlarged version.
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Textbook reading (Modern
Biology):
Chromosome Structure: 151-153 Meiosis: 161-165 |
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| Links:
Meiosis Power Point (from class) Meiosis Cutout-Matching Activity
Meiosis Square Dance
Lyrics
Karyotype Activity:
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Genetics Review Sheet (from class, 4/23/13) Genetics Problems (from class, 4/23/13) Textbook Reading for Honors (Modern Biology): Mendel's work: 173-178 Genotypes/Phenotypes: 180 Punnett Squares: 182-183 Incomplete Dominance: 184 Codominance: 184 Pedigrees: 241 Polygenic traits: 242 Codominant/incomplete dom./X-linked traits: 244 |
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Links: Mutagens: The result of too much radiation (Chernobyl) GENE THERAPY / CLONING pros and cons Punnett Square Practice (monohybrids)
WebLab
Cross two
dragons
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Study Guide Key (from class) Power Points: Lesson
1 Complete Dominance ppt
Chernobyl ppt.
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| The Father of Modern
Genetics: Gregor Mendel |
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Gregor Mendel's work led to major
contributions to the understanding of how
heritable traits are passed between
generations. From his work, two major
principles were established that we still
operate by:
1. Law (Principle) of Segregation (one
allele from each parent)
>During fertilization (when sperm and egg
unite),
2.
Law (Principle) of Independent Assortment
>Genes on separate chromosomes separate
independently
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Here's a good genetics problem. Before you look below at the answer, try to figure out the solution for yourself. A hemophiliac male that is heterozygous for type A blood marries a carrier who's type AB. What are the possibilities of genotypes and phenotypes of their offspring? answer below
(Need a hint?..... Remember, hemophilia is sex linked [on the X chromosome]. So, you'll need to use X and Y for part of your Punnett square, labeling the X properly. Also, you'll need to use the alleles designated for human blood: IA, IB, i.) |
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An example of Codominance: Human Blood |
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 There are more than 20 genetically determined blood group systems known today, but the ABO and Rh systems are the most important ones used for blood transfusions.
How the human body’s immune system works: Antigens: a molecule on a cell surface that elicits an immune response (white blood cells attacking the perceived foreign cell containing the antigen). The antigen of interest found on blood cells is two carbohydrates (A and B) that may be found on blood cell surfaces.
Antibody: a protein your
white blood cells produce to attach to antigens and
attempt to counter their effect. You may have antibodies in
you that are seeking out antigen A or B.
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 Rh blood types were discovered in 1940 by Karl Landsteiner and Alexander Wiener. The Rh system was named after rhesus monkeys, since they were initially used in the research to make the antiserum for typing blood samples. If the antiserum agglutinates your red cells, you are Rh+. If it doesn't, you are Rh-. People are either Rh- or Rh+. Those who are Rh+ have an Rh antigen present on the red blood cell surface. Rh- do not automatically have an Rh+ antibody, but they will develop if any Rh+ blood is introduced. Rh+ blood patients will not have any antibodies (can’t have an antibody against something that’s not there: Rh- only means no Rh+ antigen)
Clinically, the Rh factor,
like ABO factors, can lead to serious medical
complications. The greatest problem with the Rh
group is not so much incompatibilities following
transfusions (though they can occur) as those
between a mother and her developing fetus.
Mother-fetus incompatibility occurs when the
mother is Rh- (dd) and the father is Rh+ (DD or
Dd). Maternal antibodies can cross the placenta
and destroy fetal red blood cells (Hemolitic
anemia, or Rh Disease). The risk
increases with each pregnancy. Europeans are
the most likely to have this problem--13% of
their newborn babies are at risk. Actually only
about ½ of these babies (6% of all European
births) have complications. With preventive
treatment, this number can be cut down
even further. Less than 1% of those treated
have trouble. However, Rh blood type
incompatibility is still the leading cause of
potentially fatal blood related problems of the
newborn. In the United States, 1 out of 1000
babies are born with this condition.
http://anthro.palomar.edu/blood/Rh_system.htm
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Genetic Engineering |
Selective Breeding |
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Genetic engineering is the process of replacing specific genes in an organism in order to ensure that the organism expresses a desired trait. Genetic engineering is accomplished by taking specific genes from one organism and placing them into another organism. · Genetic engineering can only occur when scientists know exactly where articular genes for particular traits occur on specific chromosomes. > A gene map shows the relative location of each known gene on a chromosome. > Genome refers to all the genetic material in an organism. The Human Genome Project that mapped the DNA sequence of human genes is useful in identifying genes for specific traits. · In cloning, an identical copy of a gene or an entire organism is produced. This may occur naturally or may be engineered. Cloning brings benefits such as organ transplants or saving endangered species, but it may also result in an organism with genetic disorders or health problems. · In gene therapy, scientists insert a normal gene into an absent or abnormal gene. Once inserted the normal gene begins to produce the correct protein or enzyme, eliminating the cause of the disorder. However, gene therapy has had limited success because the host often rejects the injected genetic material. · Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have the potential to become specialized in structure or function. Although primarily found in embryos, they are also found all over the adult human body (ex: bone marrow) but may be harder to isolate. Therapy using stem cells can replace tissue that is deficient due to disease or damage. · Results of genetic engineering may include: >The development of plants that manufacture natural insecticides, are higher in protein, or spoil more slowly. >The development of animals that are bigger, are faster growing, or are resistant to disease. >The development of bacteria that produce hormones such as human insulin or human growth hormone. >In humans, it is theoretically possible to transplant copies of normal genes into the cells of people suffering from genetically carried diseases such a Tay-Sachs disease, cystic fibrosis, and sickle-cell anemia.
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Selective breeding
is the method of artificially selecting and breeding only organisms
with a desired trait to produce the next generation. Almost all
domesticated animals and most crop plants are the result of
selective breeding. · The process works because in order for the parents to show strong expression for the trait, they must carry at least one gene for the trait. >Once the breeder has successfully produced offspring with the desired set of characteristics, inbreeding (crossing individuals who are closely related) continues. >Over several generations, the gene for the trait will become more and more prevalent in the offspring. >The drawback to this method is that recessive gene defects often show up more frequently after several generations of inbreeding. · Hybridization, which is another form of selective breeding, is the choosing and breeding organisms that show strong expression for two different traits in order to produce offspring that express both traits. This occurs often between two different (but similar) species. The offspring are often hardier than either of the parents.
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Answer
for problem above: THE STEPS TO SOLVING THIS (and ANY) PUNNETT PROBLEM: 1. Step one: Determine the genotypes of the parents (diploid):
[hemophiliac male
that is heterozygous for type A blood] = [a carrier who's type AB] = IAIB XHXh
So, your cross will be: 2. Step two: Determine the possible gametes that each parent could form (haploid):
♂
IA Xh
IA XH
♀ 3. Set up and solve your Punnett square:
4. Determine the genotypes and phenotypes, and their ratios.
Note: Each
square in the Punnett below exhibits a unique genotype. Phenotpyes:
2
Type A carrier female
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  The NEW Genetics: Read these pages to discover how genes work, new roles/rules for RNA and DNA, life's genetic tree, the human genome, and 21st century genetics. |
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Images of some proteins:
All have a
different shape.
Don't forget: form and function go hand in hand.
They're shaped like they are because of what they do.
You'll recognize 4hhb, 2hiu, 1igt, 1i6h, 1bkv, and others.
(Hint, zoom your screen to 200X to read it better)
Can two medium toned people have a white or black baby?
Because three sets of alleles determine skin color
- yes -
though the chances
are 1/64...
