This is excellent animation on the process of
photosynthesis.  Shows great detail of how the photosystems work in the thylakoids.

 The image above is from
a great site explaining energy...
 

biochemical pathway-a series of chemical reactions that are related; the products of one reaction become the reactants of the next reaction.   (poster)  (cycle) (image)
reactants-elements or compounds that react together to produce a new product/compound. (explanation)
products-the results of reactants reacting together in a chemical process. (explanation)
byproducts-products produced by a reaction that are not needed.
aerobic- requiring oxygen (ex; aerobic respiration in mitochondrion)
anaerobic- not requiring oxygen (ex: glycolysis and fermentation)
cellular respiration-a process; cells get energy from carbs (sugars); O2 combines w/glucose to form water and CO2 while ATP is produced. (image)
energy forms-chemical, light, sound, kinetic, thermal, electrical
electromagnetic spectrum-a scale of energy, measuring wavelength strength (image)
wavelength- the distance from one peak to the next peak (or from trough to trough) of a wave of energy. (image)
                     [λ- lambda; a Greek letter used to indicate "wavelength"]
autotroph-makes its own food
heterotroph- must eat (ingest) its own food
chemiosmosis- a process by which ADP + P is reassembled to ATP
carbon fixation-Converting atmospheric carbon (CO₂) into an organic molecule (like glucose) (image)
Factors affecting psyn. rate- light intensity and duration, temperature, amount of water, and amount of CO₂

Leaf parts:
palisade mesophyll (or palisade parenchyma)- tightly packed vertical cells in top portion of leaf profile
(see image below)
spongy mesophyll (or spongy parenchyma) - loosely packed cells under palisades
stoma- opening in underside of leaves used for gas exchange
carotene- pigment used to capture light energy; orange-red in color.
xanthophyll-yellow pigment  (see more on pigments)

In the Chloroplast: (image below)  (details)
photosynthesis-process: light energy is used to produce chemical energy
                           in the form of a sugar; occurs in chloroplasts
chloroplast-organelle in which photosynthesis occurs
     >thylakoid-inner membrane of chloroplast where the LDR occurs
                   [granum- a stack of thylakoids (grana - pl.)]
                   [chlorophyll- pigment found in chloroplast's thylakoid membranes
                      used to capture light energy; green in color (image)]
                   [lumen-fluid in thylakoid, where the buildup of H+ occurs. (image)]
                   LDR- light dependent reaction; occurs in thylakoid mem., needs
                   light to be activated, produces NADPH and ATP to drive the LIR.  
                            (animation)
                   [photolysis- the splitting of water by light energy (in thylakoid)]
    >stroma- fluid surrounding thylakoids in chloroplast
          LIR- light independent reaction; in stroma fluid; also called Calvin cycle;
                   driven by NADPH and ATP from LIR to power cycle.  CO₂ introduced, final product is glucose. (image)

In the Cytoplasm:  (site)
glycolysis-anaerobic process in the cytoplasm where glucose is split into
                2 pyruvic acids; a net gain of 2 ATP is produced, along with 2 NADH. (image)
     pyruvic acid- the 3 C compound formed in glycolysis when glucose is split

In the Mitochondrion: (site)
mitochondrion- organelle where aerobic respiration occurs.  Contains:
     cristae- inner membrane of mitochondrion where the ETC occurs
     matrix- inner fluid of mitochondrion, where the Krebs cycle occurs
                Krebs cycle- process in aerobic respiration; in matrix; produces 2-4 ATP (watch)
                        [citric acid- a compound produced in the Krebs Cycle]

Also in the Cytoplasm:
fermentation- anaerobic process in the cytoplasm that allows glycolysis to run,
               2 ATP produced. (image 1) (image 2) 
                        Two types: Alcoholic and Lactic Acid:
     Lactic acid- a byproduct of Lactic Acid Fermentation;
                         occurs in our muscle tissue. (image)
     Ethyl alcohol- a byproduct of Alcoholic Fermentation;
                          occurs with yeast and bacteria. (image)

 

Molecules to know:
                                                                light
psyn. formula- 6CO₂ + 6H₂O  à C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂


resp. formula- C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ à 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + 36ATP


ATP Synthase- an enzyme in the thylakoid membrane (of chloroplast) and cristae (of mitochondrion);
                           converts ADP + P to ATP

NADPH- the power carrying molecule that helps drive the Calvin cycle in photosynthesis.

ATP 1 ADP + P_i - Adenosine Triphosphate; the main energy carrying molecule
                            of respiration; can be used and reused  (reduced to Adenosine Diphosphate) (image)

NADH - power molecule used in respiration (in mitochondrion) (watch)

ETC - Electron Transport Chain;  series of proteins and carriers in a membrane that transports electrons. 
               Used in thylakoids during LDR and in mitochondrion's cristae.

CO₂ - 1) A source of carbon in photosynthesis,
          2) a byproduct of aerobic respiration,
          3)a byproduct of alcoholic fermentation (which is anaerobic)

O₂ - oxygen;
            1) a byproduct of photolysis in the LDR,
            2) needed in aerobic respiration

H⁺  - a hydrogen ion (a proton); can be obtained from water by photolysis

   e^-  -an electron; used to assemble molecules

 

Contracting muscles must have ATP, and this comes from four sources:

    1. ATP stored in muscle--exhausted in a few seconds.
    2. ATP made from creatine phosphate--also minor, just lasts 10-15 seconds.
    3. ATP made from anaerobic breakdown of glycogen (a polymer of glucose).
    4. ATP made from aerobic breakdown of glycogen.

The last two sources of ATP have different characteristics. Anaerobic breakdown of glycogen is very fast (maximal power output in about 5 seconds) because few steps are involved and it doesn't need oxygen from blood. However, it is inefficient in terms of ATP yield, it creates lactic acid, which accumulates and eventually causes muscle fatigue.  It depletes muscle glycogen, which may take a day to recover after exhaustion. 

ATP made from aerobic breakdown of glycogen  is slow to get started because it requires 2 - 3 minutes for blood and oxygen supply to the muscle to increase and for many enzymes to start operating, but it yields almost 20x as much ATP per unit glycogen as anaerobic respiration. It also degrades lactic acid and reconverts it to glycogen, restoring optimum operating conditions and satisfying oxygen debt. 

Therefore, anaerobic respiration tends to supply ATP either in sudden, explosive exercise such as shot-putting, weightlifting, or sprinting, and long-term exercise is more aerobic. ATP supplied by anaerobic respiration accounts for different portions of different track events:

    1. 200 m dash (20 sec) is 90% anaerobic.
    2. Mile (4 minutes) is 50% anaerobic.
    3. 10 km run (29 minutes) is 10% anaerobic.
    4. Marathon (2.5 hours) is 2% anaerobic.

The above graphic is a synopsis of respiration.